湖上与张先同赋，时闻弹筝
凤凰山下雨初晴，水风清，晚霞明。一朵芙蕖，开过尚盈盈。何处飞来双白鹭，如有意，慕娉婷。
忽闻江上弄哀筝，苦含情，遣谁听！烟敛云收，依约是湘灵。欲待曲终寻问取，人不见，数峰青。
此词为苏轼于熙宁五年（1072）至七年在杭州通判任上与当时已八十余岁的有名词人张先（990-1078）同游HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xihu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>西湖时所作。
作者富有情趣地紧扣“闻弹筝”这一词题，从多方面描写弹筝者的美丽与HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yinle/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>音乐的动人。词中将弹筝人置于HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yuhou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨后初晴、晚霞明丽的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/huguang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>湖光HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山色中，使HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/renwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人物与HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/jingse/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景色相映成趣，HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yinle/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>音乐与HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shanshui/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山水相得益彰，在对HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/renwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人物的描写上，作者运用了HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/biyu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>比喻和衬托的手法。
HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/kaitou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>开头三句HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xioshan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>写HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山色HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/huguang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>湖光，只是作为HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/renwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人物的背景画面。“一朵芙蕖”两句紧接其后，既实写水面荷HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花，又是以出水芙蓉HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/biyu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>比喻弹筝的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/moiren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美人，收到了双关的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yishu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>艺术效果。从结构上看，这一表面HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xiejing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>写景，而实则转入对弹筝人的描写，真可说是天衣无缝。据《墨庄漫录》，弹筝人三十余岁，“HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风韵娴雅，绰有HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/taidu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>态度”，此处用“一朵芙蕖开过尚盈盈”的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/biyu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>比喻写她，不仅准确，而且极有情趣。接着便从白鹭似也有意倾慕来烘托弹筝人的美丽。词中之双白鹭实是喻指二客呆视不动的情状。
下片则重点写HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yinle/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>音乐。从HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/lequ/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>乐曲总的旋律来写，故曰“哀筝”，从HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/lequ/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>乐曲传达的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情来写，故言“苦（甚、极的意思）含情”；谓“遣谁听”，是说HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/lequ/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>乐曲HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/aishang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>哀伤，谁能忍听，是从听者的角度来写；此下再进一步渲染HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/lequ/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>乐曲的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/aishang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>哀伤，谓无知的大HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然也为之感动：烟霭为之敛容，云彩为之收色；最后再总括一句，这HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/aishang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>哀伤的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/lequ/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>乐曲就好像是湘水女神奏瑟在倾诉自己的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/aishang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>哀伤。湘灵，用娥皇、女英之HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/diangu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>典故。词写到这里，把HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/lequ/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>乐曲的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/aishang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>哀伤动人一步一步地推向最高峰，似乎这样HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/aiyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>哀怨动人的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/lequ/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>乐曲非人间所有，只能是出自像湘水女神那样的神灵之手。与此同时，“依约是湘灵”这总绾HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/lequ/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>乐曲的一句，又HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yinyu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>隐喻弹筝人有如湘灵之HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/moihao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美好。词的最后，承“依约”一句正待HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xieren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>写人，却又采取欲擒故纵的手法，不仅没有正面去描HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xieren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>写人物，反而写弹筝人已飘然远逝，只见青翠的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山峰仍然静静地立在湖边，仿佛那HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/aiyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>哀怨的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/lequ/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>乐曲仍然荡漾在HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山间水际。“人不见，数峰青”两句，用唐代诗人钱起《省试湘灵鼓瑟》诗“曲终人不见，江上数峰青”，是那样的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然、贴切而又不露痕迹。它不仅意象动人，而且在结构上还暗承“依约是湘灵”一句，把上下用典结合起来。“数峰青”又回应词的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/kaitou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>开头“凤凰HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山下HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨初晴”描写的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨过HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山青的景象，真可谓言尽而味永。