溪边照影行,天在清溪底。天上有行云,人在行云里。
高歌谁和余,空谷清音起。非鬼亦非仙,一曲桃花水。
上片写词人HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/youlan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>游览HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨岩见到的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/jingse/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景色。第一句“溪边照影行”,是点题,写游人;第二句“天在清溪底”,写清溪和蓝天;第三句“天上有行云”,写行云;第四句“人在行云里”如同电影中的定格,总写溪、人、云,展示了水底的一个画面。作者在这里所描写的人、天、云都不是实体,而是水中的倒影。清清的溪水,不但是HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨岩的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/youmoi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>优美HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/jingse/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景色之一,而且也成了词人摄取这张HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风景小照的胶卷。游人的身影、碧蓝的天空、飘动的浮云,都通过清清的溪水映现出来。“人在行云里”这样神奇美妙的景象,真可谓巧夺天工,不但使描写的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/jingwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景物高度集中,而且HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yijing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>意境更为清新活泼,整个画面非常生动,所描写的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/jingwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景物,全部处在HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/bianhua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>变化之中,溪水HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然是流动的,游人漫步岸边——“影行”,白云飘转空中——“行云”,这就使画面充满了动感,给人以身临其境的感觉。
如果说上片的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xiejing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>写景,重在刻画形象的话,那么这个下片的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shuqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>抒情,则是着力描绘HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shengyin/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>声音。哗哗的流水,飘荡的歌声,不仅使寂静的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山谷增添了生气,也为上面的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/tuhua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>图画配上了HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yinle/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>音乐。
清人沈祥龙《论词随笔》说:“词贵藏于内……于言外有所感触。”蓦然读去,这首词HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yijing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>意境HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/youmoi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>优美,静中有动的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/tuhua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>图画,配着富于形象的歌声与HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yinle/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>音乐,平易通俗、流畅HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然的语言,也令人赞叹不绝。但仔细咀嚼,就会发现:作者把辛酸的感触,藏在迷人的画面背后;把满心的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/kumen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>苦闷,融于HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/youmoi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>优美的乐律之中。题目中的“独”字,已经为全词规定了基调,透露出HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/kumen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>苦闷的气息。下面的内容,HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然全都围绕“独”字展开,所以起拍第一句就是“溪边照影行”。这一画面里,只有一个倒映在水中的人影,点出了“独游”,而比“独游”更深刻,因为它渲染出一种HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/beiliang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>悲凉的气氛。
在这特定的氛围里,那清清的溪水,蔚蓝的天空,飘动的白云,这些HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/moihao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美好的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/jingwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景物,也染上了HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/qiliang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>凄凉冷清的色彩,成为词人表达HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/gudu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>孤独之感的衬景。“人在行云里”,不止是倒影交织的画面,也写出了词人不苟随世俗的决心和孤傲清高的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/pinge/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>品格,暗写了自己遭受打击的原因。内心澎湃的激情和遭受压抑的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/kumen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>苦闷,终究是掩遮不住的,“高歌”正是词人内心HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情的流露和发泄。然而,并没有人能理解他,与他相和的,只是空谷里的溪水。词人的“独”唱,同哗哗的水声,从HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shengyin/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>声音方面渲染了HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/qiliang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>凄凉HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/youshang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>忧伤的气氛。这种“高HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山流水少HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/zhiyin/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>知音”的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/gankai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感慨,是他内心HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/kumen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>苦闷的表现;而这种“曲高和寡”的情景,正是他收复中原的主张不能得到采纳的写照。那幽深寂静的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山谷,那溪水漂浮的残HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花,不能不说带有象征意义。所以,这首词表面上是HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/jiyou2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>记游,描写水光HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山色,实际上处处贯注着词人愤激的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情,表现了词人遭受排挤、HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xianju/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>闲居HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/jiaxiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>家乡、有志难伸的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/kumen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>苦闷和HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/jimo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>寂寞,也反映了他对时局的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/buman/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>不满和对HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/guoshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>国事的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/guanxin/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>关心。他HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/reai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>热爱大HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风光,又不忘怀于世事,正表现了词人退居时期的内心HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/maodun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>矛盾,说明他并没有因HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风光的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/youmoi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>优美而陶醉、而颓废。
这首词通过记叙独游HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨岩的情景,抒发了遭受打击、HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xianju/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>闲居乡里的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/kumen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>苦闷,反映了作者内心的不平和对HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/guoshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>国事的系念。同时,这首词构思新颖,剪裁精妙。题为“独游HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨岩”,作者就在“独”字上作文章,上片写“形”独,下片写“声”独。随即带出了HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨岩的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/youmoi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>优美HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/jingse/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景色,如清溪、蓝天、行云、HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山谷等。HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yuqingyujing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yuqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>寓情于景,情景交融,HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yijing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>意境清新HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然而又沉郁,景愈美,愈可反衬出词人的不平与HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/fenmen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>愤懑。语言通俗流畅,以虚写实,虚实结合,高度集中。所有这些都显示出了这首词的高度HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yishu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>艺术性。王国维《人间词话》称:“幼安之佳处,在有性情,有境界。”于此可见。
清代乾嘉时期岭南的著名诗人和画家黎简,有诗云:“七十二峰倒江水,俯见峰尖插天底;一舟天上棹海松,回合三万寒虬龙。”其构思与辛词同,可见辛词影响之远。