惜春词鉴赏

原文

百舌问花花不语,低回似恨横塘雨。

蜂争粉蕊蝶分香,不似垂杨惜金缕。

愿君留得长妖韶,莫逐东风还荡摇。

秦女含颦向烟月,愁红带露空迢迢。

赏析

  此诗借惜HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花而表达自怜、自伤之情。至于判断诗中“秦女”的身份,关键在于对“蜂争粉蕊蝶分香,不似垂杨惜金缕”二句如何理解。结合诗题“HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xichun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>惜春”看,把这二句只当作一般性HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/jingwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景物描写当然是很符合题意的。然而这两句中将HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花、柳对比意图非常明显,且相对而言HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花是正面的、大方的,柳则是负面的、小气的。若纯是HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/jingwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景物描写,将HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花、柳都描绘成HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/moihao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美好的意象就好了,这样的作品也很多,而飞卿此处也不必非“扬HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花讥柳”不可。况且如此写法又与“HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xichun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>惜春”的主旨无关,颇惹HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/rensheng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人生疑。HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/lianxiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>联想敦煌曲子词《望HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/jiangnan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>江南·君莫攀》中有“我是曲江临池柳,这人折了那人攀,恩爱一HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shijian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>时间”句,与“蜂争粉蕊蝶分香”的句意颇相似,或许可做飞卿这句诗的注脚。因此诗中HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/nuzi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>女子的身份应为妓女一类的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/renwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人物。再观“秦女含颦向烟月”句,秦女应指秦穆公之女弄玉,此处用其与箫史乘凤升天之事,大概是想表达诗中HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/nuzi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>女子HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xiangwang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>向往HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/aiqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>爱情、乞求摆脱尘世烦扰的意思,而这个她想摆脱的尘世则正是青楼。

  若把诗中HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/nuzi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>女子看作妓女,则全诗似是在写一位“HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/nianlao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>年老”的妓女的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shangchun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>伤春之情。为了更好的理解此诗,不妨在此设想一下这位妓女HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shangqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>伤情的背景:她的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/moihao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美好HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/qingchun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>青春全都奉献给了“寻HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花客”们,然而HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shiguang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>时光荏苒,随着HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/qingchun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>青春逐渐撇下她远去,那些“寻HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花客”们也都开始抛弃她了。此时,她既不能像良女那样拥有一个正常的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/hunyin/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>婚姻HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shenghuo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>生活,又面临着逐渐在青楼失宠的问题,因此陷入了进退维谷的境地。她自以为对HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shehui/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>社会奉献了很多,却得不到良女那样美满的结果,因此心中既有对良女的嫉妒,也有对自己不堪HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/mingyun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>命运的自伤。HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/qingchun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>青春已逝,对于渺茫的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/qiantu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>前途她全然没有主意,不知何去何从,也不知如何生存下去,或许这便是惹她HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shangchun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>伤春的真正缘由。

  首二句写HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花默默含恨,而所恨则缘自HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨打HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花落、HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/qingchun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>青春凋零。三四句有趣,虽然表面上称赞妓女“大方”,而HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/fongci/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>讽刺良女(即“垂杨”所指)“小气”,但细味诗意,不难看出这只是妓女对HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/kanke/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>坎坷、悲惨、HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/wunai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>无奈之HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/rensheng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人生的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/ziwo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自我慰藉而已,这与鲁迅笔下的所谓的“阿QHRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/jingshen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>精神(即HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/ziwo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自我HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/jingshen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>精神HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shengli/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>胜利法)”如出一辙。五六句虽然表面上写这位妓女HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xiwang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>希望HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花能长保HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/qingchun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>青春妖娆而不被东HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风摧落,实际上她却是在自言自语,HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花就是她自己的象征,她是在借HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花自怜、借HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shangchun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>伤春。末二句写她蹙着眉HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/duiyue/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>对月HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/chouchang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>惆怅,HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/aishang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>哀伤自己的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/qingchun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>青春渐渐远逝。

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