清平乐·秋词鉴赏

原文

清淮浊汴。更在江西岸。红旆到时黄叶乱。霜入梁王故苑。

秋原何处携壶。停骖访古踟蹰。双庙遗风尚在,漆园傲吏应无。

赏析

  该词中词人HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/sinian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思念HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/haoyou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>好友,揣测一路上HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人可能的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/zaoyu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>遭遇所写下的以HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xiangxiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>想象为主的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/huairen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怀人词,但是这种HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xiangxiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>想象并不是凭空乱想,而是基于词人对HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/pengyou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>朋友的了解,通过这些了解所作的一HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xilie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>系列推断,显示了词人对陈述古真挚的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/youqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友情和对述古其人的真切了解。

  上片以HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人的行程为线索,纵贯着空间HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/didian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>地点、节序HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风物,写来别有情致。起笔“清淮浊汴。更在江西岸”二句,决不是HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/jiandan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>简单地说明淮河和汴河的地理位置,而是似乎在掐指计算HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人的行程:你从HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/jiangnan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>江南的杭州出发,途中要经过淮河、汴河,那是远在江北的多么漫长的一段水程。因为HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人“赴南都”,淮河和汴河都是必经的水道,所以二句乃是对HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人大段行程的悬想,而HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人的去向,路途的遥远,以及词人对他的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/guanqie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>关切之情,全在不言之中了。三、四句进一层揣想HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人到达南都时的节序HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风物:“红旆到时黄叶乱,霜入梁王故苑。”意思是说,当你的仪仗到达南都时,该是黄叶飘零的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shenqiu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>深秋时节了,附近梁孝王昔日的宫室园林怕是已着寒霜了。陈襄是秋八月中旬从杭州启程的(见《苏轼年谱》卷十三),苏轼估计他到九月中、下旬才能到达。“黄叶乱”三字准确地写出了HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shenqiu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>深秋季节的特征,“霜入”则应当是HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/qiutian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>秋天最后一个节令“霜降”到来的标志。二句估计HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人到达的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shijian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>时间,与对行程的计算联系在一起,同样是替对方设想,表达了词人的深情眷注。老友相别,居者忆念行者时,随着忆念的深入,常会计算对方某时是否到达目的地或正在中途某地,在交通不发达的古代更是如此。白居易《同李十一醉忆元九(稹)》诗云:“忽忆HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/guren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>故人天际去,计程今日到梁州。”便是词人忆念所及、深情所注的一个例子,可与该词上片合看。

  下片假想HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人到南都后HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/youshang2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>游赏及HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/pingdiao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>凭吊活动。换头两句写HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/youshang2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>游赏,说你在HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/qiutian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>秋天何处的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yuanyo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>原野上HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/youshang2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>游赏,停住车HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/ma/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>马,探访古迹,还在那儿徘徊不去。最后两句写HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/pingdiao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>凭吊古代贤人,说你到双庙去HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/pingdiao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>凭吊正气凛然的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yingxiong/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>英雄张巡、许远,或许会发现他们遗留的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风范还在人间,而那位傲视王侯的漆园吏想必无影无踪了。词人这样着笔,大概有三层意思:一是显示了中原大地上的南都丰厚的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/lishi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>历史HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/wenhua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>文化遗存;二是间接地表现了HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人的“文采HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风流”;三是体现了词人对HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人的相知,也可以说,是在更高的层次上达成了HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/youyi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友谊的默契。

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