与同年李定言曲水闲话戏作鉴赏

原文

海燕参差沟水流,同君身世属离忧。

相携花下非秦赘,对泣春天类楚囚。

碧草暗侵穿苑路,珠帘不卷枕江楼。

莫惊五胜埋香骨,地下伤春亦白头。

赏析

  首联叹惜李定言与情侣HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/fenshou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>分手,原本是“海燕双栖”,如今是“海燕参差”。双栖者HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/fuqi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>夫妻;参差者一上一下,一生一死,一在地上,一在土下。又像卓文君说的“沟水东西流”,一东一西,变成两股水流。“同君HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shenshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>身世属离忧”,是HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/anwei/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>安慰性的话,也符合事实。李商隐一生离忧,与李定言有共同语言。这样说,缩短了两入的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情距离,冲淡了开玩笑的成分,便于对方接受。首联巧用“海燕“、“沟水“的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/diangu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>典故,以海燕分飞、沟水各流的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/biyu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>比喻写自己和HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/lijia/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>离家宦游HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/piaobo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>漂泊,伤叹之情HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然溢出。

  颔联写两人都有类似的经历,都为此而伤心。“相携HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花下”,就是两人都有冶游的经历,这比“同年”更进了一步,这是共同的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shenghuo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>生活情趣。这一联写二人郁郁HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花下,对泣春日,用的是以乐景写悲的反衬手法,增强了HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情深度。“非秦赘”与“类楚囚”则是推进一层的表现,意味自己与HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/youren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>友人的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yumen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>郁闷比身为秦赘寄人篱下还惨,是象囚犯一样不HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/ziyou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自由,象囚犯一样的沉沦,语气极深沉。

  颈联又回到曲HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/jiangbian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>江边HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/jingwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景物,写李定言情侣去世后的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/qiliang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>凄凉。通向她居处高楼的路,由于长期无人问津,已长满青草。用“碧草”做主语,并以HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/niren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>拟人的手法说碧草有意识,已“暗侵穿苑路”,这就更令人HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/ganshang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感伤。原来,她住在曲HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/jiangbian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>江边HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花园似的环境,如今“碧草暗侵”,园苑荒芜,一片HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/qiliang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>凄凉。楼上,珠帘永垂,空无一人。有人进出,珠帘要卷起;如今人去楼空,故“珠帘不卷”了。这样的白描式的不作夸张的描写,在游戏的成分中糅进了严肃的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/sixiang2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思想,增添了诗的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/ganshang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感伤HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/jingshen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>精神。腰联以HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/jingwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景物描写渲染荒戚的氛围。碧草葱郁,珠帘不卷,写曲江HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/jingse/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景色凄荒,就是寓国势的衰颓,以HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/jingse/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>景色喻时势,HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xiejing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>写景即是HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yanzhi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>言志HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shuqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>抒情。

  尾联展开HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xiangxiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>想象:HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xiangxiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>想象HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/moinu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>美女掩埋地下也在HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shangchun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>伤春,为此白了头。用“莫惊”这样的否定句式,反而加强了语气,作了肯定的回答。

  诗题虽表明“戏作”,诗却作得十分严肃,对李定言已死去的“玉媵”,充满了深刻而真挚的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/tongqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>同情。“莫惊五媵埋香骨,地下HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shangchun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>伤春亦白头”,写出了人类共同的悲哀。诗人把自伤HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shenshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>身世和HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/youshang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>忧伤国势交融,情感沉郁。

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