时宿于逍遥堂,追感前约,为二小诗记之。
逍遥堂后千寻木,长送中宵风雨声。
误喜对床寻旧约,不知漂泊在彭城。
秋来东阁凉如水,客去山公醉似泥。
困卧北窗呼不起,风吹松竹雨凄凄。
辙幼从子瞻HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/dushu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>读书,未尝一日相舍。既仕,将宦游四方,读韦苏州诗至“安知HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yuye/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨夜,复此对床眠”,恻然感之,乃相约早退,为HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xianju/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>闲居之乐。故子瞻始为凤翔幕府,留诗为别曰:“夜HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨何时听HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xiaose/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>萧瑟⑴?”其后子瞻通守余杭⑵,复移守胶西⑶,而辙滞留于淮阳、济南⑷,不见者七年。熙宁十年二月,始复会于澶濮之间⑸,相从来徐留百余日。
第一首是HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/chujingshangqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>触景HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shangqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>伤情,前两句是HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xiejing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>写景,后两句是HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shuqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>抒情。前两句所写之景虽是徐州逍遥堂之景,却与十七年前他们在京师HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/huaiyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怀远驿所见之景酷似。苏轼《感旧诗》叙说:“嘉祐中予与子由同举制策,寓居HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/huaiyuan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怀远驿,时年二十六,而子由二十三耳。一日秋HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风起,HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨作,中夜翛然(急速貌),始有HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/gankai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感慨离合之意。”苏辙所说的共读韦苏州(韦应物)诗,“相约早退”,即在此时。《感旧诗》中又说:“自尔宦游四方,不相见者十尝七八。每夏秋之交,HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨作,木落草衰,辄凄然有此感。”这次逍遥堂的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨声引起苏辙HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xiongdi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>兄弟的“追感前约”,只不过是其中的一次而已。秋HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/qiuyu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>秋HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨,一般给人以“凄然”之感,但这次给他们的却是“喜”,因为他们在“不见者七年”之后,总算“会宿逍遥堂”了。但这种“喜”又是“误喜”,是空欢喜,因为他们原来是“相约早退”,去过HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/ziyou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自由自在的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xianju/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>闲居HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shenghuo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>生活。而此时二人皆在做官,行动并不HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/ziyou/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自由。虽对床夜语,仿佛“旧约”真的实现了;但不久就要“孤帆水驿”,再次HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/libie/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>离别:“贱仕迫程期,迁延防谴怒。”(《HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨中陪子瞻同颜复长官送梁焘学士舟行汶上》)“不知”二字也用得妙,既是因“误喜”而暂忘“HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/piaobo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>漂泊”,更是诗人对“误喜”的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/zichao/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自嘲。暂时HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/piaobo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>漂泊彭城,其实是没有什么可喜的。
第二首是诗人HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xiangxiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>想象自己离开徐州后苏轼的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xinqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>心情。首句“凉如水”既是写秋凉,也暗示了他离去后苏轼将很感HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/gudu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>孤独、清冷。次句化用“HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山公”HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山简事。HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山简官至尚书左仆射。他镇襄阳时,优游HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xianshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>闲适,但是嗜好HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/hejiu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>喝酒,一喝就喝到醉。(见《晋书·HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山简传》)苏轼常以HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山简自况,如“谁记HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山公醉HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xiyang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>夕阳”(《新葺小园》),苏辙这里也以HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山简比苏轼,说他离去后,兄长定很HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/kumen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>苦闷,只好以酒浇愁。第三句进一步补写苏轼的醉态,最后仍以凄HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风苦HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨作结。全诗所写的秋凉如水,烂醉似泥,困卧不起,HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>雨凄凄,既造成了清冷的气氛,又突出了苏轼的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/kumen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>苦闷,比第一首具有更浓厚的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/ganshang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感伤色彩。
张耒评苏轼苏辙两人的诗HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风:“长公(苏轼)波涛万顷海,少公(苏辙)峭拔千寻麓。”(《赠李德载》)苏轼诗如HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/dahai/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>大海怒涛,汹涌澎湃;苏辙诗如高HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山茂林,幽深峭峻。这两首诗也颇能代表苏辙的诗HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风,质朴HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/ziran/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>自然,不事雕琢,清幽冷峻,有一唱三叹之致。