夜来沉醉卸妆迟,梅萼插残枝。酒醒熏破春睡,梦远不成归。
人悄悄,月依依,翠帘垂。更挼残蕊,更捻余香,更得些时。
一般诗词所咏之梅,多是凌寒怒放,傲立枝头的,对残梅则不屑于HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yongtan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>咏叹HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/zanshang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>赞赏。这首HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yongmei/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>咏梅词却不落前人窠臼,选取新的角度HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xiomei/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>写梅。
上片写词人醉眠后,残梅的幽香对她所发生的作用。首句虽未写HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yinjiu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>饮酒的动机和场面,直截HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xiojiu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>写酒后入睡,但从“沉醉”一词可以窥见词人HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yinjiu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>饮酒之多和心绪之恶。一个“迟”字进一步透露出沉醉的状态,HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xinqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>心情的抑郁和词人懒于卸装的倦怠神情。下句“酒醒”从首句“沉醉’”而来,由醉到醒,在内容上进了一层,在笔法上宕开一笔,同时为“熏破春睡”张本:酒意渐消,春睡才会被梅香熏破。“熏破”二字,通过嗅觉强调出梅香的浓烈。春困又加沉醉,所以睡得一定很甜;梦中得归HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/guxiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>故乡,所以HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xinqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>心情暂时很美。“梦远不成归”,作者以梦写愁,HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/jieshi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>揭示全词主旨。“梦远”是梦中返回遥远的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/guxiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>故乡。词人似乎有些埋怨梅香太浓,打断了自己的美梦。她的梦魂本来正沿着回乡之路,飘飘忽忽飞得很远很远,“枕上片时春梦中”,行尽HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/guixiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>归乡千里路,也许能回到HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/guxiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>故乡,也许能与HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/qinren/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>亲人HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/tuanju/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>团聚吧。但HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xianshi2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>现实是HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/guxiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>故乡已在金人的铁蹄之下,回去谈何容易。词人只有借助梦境才能得到HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/jingshen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>精神上的暂时慰藉,这是非常不幸的。而HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/huaixiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怀乡之情,HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/guguo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>故国之思又是非常殷切的。李煜在其《菩萨蛮》中有“HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/guguo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>故国梦重归,觉来双泪垂”的句子。用梦表达在HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xianshi2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>现实中久萦于心而实际上又无法实现的强烈HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yuanwang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>愿望,确实能收到情在词外的效果。更何况这美梦被梅HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花扰断,HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xiwang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>希望又成泡影。词人无限HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/gantan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感叹,惘然若失。这种对梅香的“怨”也正是词人欲归不得的怨。这种HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/youyuan2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>幽怨像无端的乱絮,久已缭绕心头,“夜来沉醉”不过是为了借酒浇愁罢了。断梦,给人留下HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yihan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>遗憾,留下回味的馀地,它比一个完整的梦更富有HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yishu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>艺术感染力。“梦远不成归”一句,集中表现了词人强烈的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/sixiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思乡HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/huairen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怀人之倩,欲归不得之苦。
下片集中写词人醒来后,依托于梅HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花的百无聊赖的心绪,也表现了词人在HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/guji/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>孤寂的环境中HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/sinian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思念故土的执著情态。“人悄悄,月依依,翠帘垂。”寥寥数语,勾画了一幅HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/chunye/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>春夜无眠图。梦醒以后,久不成寐,帘筛月影,月伴无眠,夜深人静,HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yueliang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>月亮缓缓移动,绿色的窗帘低垂着。此句描绘寂静的环境。作者HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yuqingyujing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yuqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>寓情于景,抒发其HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/sinian/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>思念HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/guxiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>故乡的深沉HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情。“人悄悄,月依依”是对偶句。HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/gudu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>孤独一人,中夜不寐,故觉“悄悄”;皓月缓缓移动,含情脉脉,故曰“依依”。“悄悄”不仅活现HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/renwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人物的姿态,还能令人想见HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/renwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>人物的凝思冥想之状。用“依依”来描绘HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yueliang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>月亮移动,十分切贴,它又和“人俏悄”所显示的夜深人静的气氛和谐统一,具有很强的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yishu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>艺术魅力。“翠帘垂”在描写客观物态中,更增加几分静谧。一个“垂”字更增加了夜的沉寂。这幅清淡的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yueye/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>月夜图,成功地烘托出词人HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/gudan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>孤单清冷的内心世界。“更挪”“更捻”的连续动作,突现了词人百无聊赖的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xinli/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>心理。这单调的动作,包含着复杂的心绪。词人所思早已不只在梅上。或许她是在HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/zhuiyi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>追忆梦中的情景,或许是在HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/huiyi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>回忆昔日的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shenghuo/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>生活,或许是由残梅想到自己眼下的处境,或许是对梅HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/hua/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>花产生了HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/lianxi/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怜惜之情:“众芳摇落独喧妍,占尽HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/feng/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>风情向小园。”(林逋《HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shan/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>山园小梅二首》)在这深夜里,是残梅勾起了词人的伤心事,又只有残梅还能陪伴着她,排遣她心头的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/chouxu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>愁绪,消磨这难挨的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shiguang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>时光。“更援残蕊,更捻余香,更得些时”:三“更”相迭,含蕴无穷,将词人的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/ganqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>感情表现得婉曲有致。作者在勾勒客观环境的同时,HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yuqingyujing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yuqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>寓情于景,达到了情景交融,浑然一体的境地。所用排比句式,既合格律,又灵活多变。
这首HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yongmei/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>咏梅词,没有把笔墨集中在HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xiomei/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>写梅的姿容、特质上,而是缘梅HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/shuqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>抒情,以残梅的幽香为引线,串联全篇。全词以写头戴残梅沉醉入睡开始,继由梅香“熏破春睡”使“梦远不成归”,引起词人HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xinqing/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>心情的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/changwang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怅惘;甜美的梦境与HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/qiku/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>凄苦的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xianshi2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>现实互为映衬,深刻地表达了HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/lixiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>理想与HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/xianshi2/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>现实之间的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/maodun/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>矛盾。全词虽不着一个“愁”字,却处处含愁。“梦远不成归”使人愁;“人悄悄,月依依”同样使人愁;“更挪残蕊,更捻余香,更得些时”更把词人内心的HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/chouxu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>愁绪通过动作表现褥淋漓尽致。HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/guopojiawang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>国破家亡,流落HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/taxiang/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>他乡,一腔HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yuanhen/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>怨恨,借梅而发。HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yongmei/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>咏梅而意不在梅,正是这首HRef=https://www.xuegushici.com/list/yongwu/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>咏物词的特点。